How Wren teaches

Wren’s method in plain words: what Pip does in a session, why, and the research behind each part. Every research claim links to the study or guideline it comes from.

These studies tested the methods, not Wren itself. Wren is new: see “What we know, and what we’re still measuring” at the end.

A review of research on learning apps for young children found that children learn best when an app gets them actively thinking, keeps their attention on the learning instead of on distractions, connects to their own lives, and brings in the people around them (Hirsh-Pasek and colleagues, 2015). The sections below show how each part of Wren lines up with the research.

Sources

  1. Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting education in “educational” apps: Lessons from the science of learning. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3–34.

Short sessions, a calm pace, then off the screen

What Wren does

A session lasts 12 minutes unless you choose another length (5 to 20 minutes). You also set a daily limit (20 minutes to start; you can choose up to 30) and quiet hours. When time is up, Wren ends the session itself and never asks for “one more.” Pip moves at a slow pace, about one new stop every two minutes, and nothing on the screen flashes.

What the research found

The American Academy of Pediatrics advises about one hour a day of high-quality screen time for children ages 2 to 5, and the World Health Organization says 3- and 4-year-olds should spend no more than one hour a day sitting in front of a screen, with less being better. Pace matters too: in a study of 60 four-year-olds, nine minutes of a fast-paced cartoon (a new scene about every 11 seconds) left children doing worse on attention and self-control tasks than a slow educational show (about every 34 seconds) or drawing.

Sources

  1. Council on Communications and Media, American Academy of Pediatrics (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.
  2. World Health Organization (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age.
  3. Lillard, A. S., & Peterson, J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children’s executive function. Pediatrics, 128(4), 644–649.

Where your child is, then the next right step

What Wren does

The first two sessions are short, playful check-ins across all the areas, to find your child’s starting point. After that, Pip chooses from 225 skills: ones your child is old enough for, whose building blocks are already in place, starting with the skills that need the most practice. Under “Why this?” in the parent app, you can read the reason for every plan.

What the research found

Teaching in a research-based order that builds on what a child already knows is the idea behind “learning trajectories.” In a randomized trial in 36 preschool classrooms, children taught with a math curriculum built on learning trajectories gained much more math than children taught with other curricula (Clements and Sarama, 2008). And in a randomized trial with 389 children aged 4 to 5 in England, children who practiced with interactive math apps for 12 weeks made bigger math gains than children who did the usual math practice (Outhwaite and colleagues, 2019).

Sources

  1. Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2008). Experimental evaluation of the effects of a research-based preschool mathematics curriculum. American Educational Research Journal, 45(2), 443–494.
  2. Outhwaite, L. A., Faulder, M., Gulliford, A., & Pitchford, N. J. (2019). Raising early achievement in math with interactive apps: A randomized control trial. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(2), 284–298.

Practice until it sticks

What Wren does

A skill counts as mastered only when your child gets 4 of the last 5 right on the first try, without a hint, after practicing it on at least 2 different days. Until then, it keeps coming back. Skills like drawing, moving and naming feelings have their own simpler rules, and writing letters and numbers is checked from your child’s own traced samples.

What the research found

In mastery learning, students move on only after showing they have learned each step. A review of 108 controlled studies found that it raised test performance, with the biggest gains for the students who were behind (Kulik, Kulik and Bangert-Drowns, 1990).

Good to know: Those studies were with school-age and college students. For young children, Wren keeps the same idea and makes each try short and playful.

Sources

  1. Kulik, C.-L. C., Kulik, J. A., & Bangert-Drowns, R. L. (1990). Effectiveness of mastery learning programs: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 60(2), 265–299.

Coming back at the right time

What Wren does

Once a skill is mastered, Pip brings it back for a quick check 2 days later, then 7 days after that, then 21, then 60 (for most skills). If your child misses a check, the skill goes back into practice. Every check asks your child to answer, not just to watch.

What the research found

Spreading practice out works better than cramming it together: a review of 317 experiments found that spaced practice led to markedly better memory (Cepeda and colleagues, 2006). Young children show it too: 3-year-olds learned new categories better when the examples were spaced out (Vlach, Sandhofer and Kornell, 2008), and preschoolers who practiced recalling the names of new toys at growing intervals remembered more than twice as many names as children in the comparison groups (Fritz and colleagues, 2007). A major review rated practice tests and spaced practice the two most useful of ten study techniques (Dunlosky and colleagues, 2013).

Sources

  1. Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354–380.
  2. Vlach, H. A., Sandhofer, C. M., & Kornell, N. (2008). The spacing effect in children’s memory and category induction. Cognition, 109, 163–167.
  3. Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., Nolan, D., & Singleton, J. (2007). Expanding retrieval practice: An effective aid to preschool children’s learning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(7), 991–1004.
  4. Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14(1), 4–58.

Mistakes are part of learning

What Wren does

Pip never tells your child they got it wrong. After a first miss, Pip says “That’s okay!” and gives a hint about the task, like “Let’s listen again” or “Look at the shape of the hole.” After a second miss, Pip shows the answer (“Let’s look together”) and moves on, so your child is never stuck. For writing, Pip goes first: “Watch me first. Then you try.”

What the research found

In the classic study that gave us the word “scaffolding,” a tutor working with 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds offered help in steps: words first, and showing only when words weren’t enough (Wood, Bruner and Ross, 1976). A review of feedback research found that the most helpful feedback tells learners about the task and how to do it better, while praise on its own helps least (Hattie and Timperley, 2007). Pip’s hints follow the same idea: they are about the task, not about your child.

Sources

  1. Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 89–100.
  2. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112.

Early reading and math in every session

What Wren does

Every session includes early reading (the sounds in words, letters, names, new words and stories) and early math (counting, comparing, shapes and patterns), plus one more area that rotates: logic, science and the world, feelings and friendship, approaches to learning (like sticking with a task), art, or Spanish. All 225 skills are matched to early learning standards: the Arizona Early Learning Standards, the Head Start Early Learning Outcomes Framework, the Common Core and Arizona’s kindergarten standards, and the CASEL framework for social and emotional learning.

What the research found

Across six large long-term studies, the math, reading and attention skills children had when they started school were the strongest predictors of later achievement, and early math predicted most strongly (Duncan and colleagues, 2007). For reading, the National Early Literacy Panel found that knowing letter names and sounds, hearing the sounds in words, naming things quickly, writing one’s name and remembering spoken words, measured before kindergarten, predict later reading (2008).

Every standard code Wren addresses, with the skills that teach toward it (searchable, printable)

Sources

  1. Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., et al. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428–1446.
  2. National Early Literacy Panel (2008). Developing early literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel (summary). National Institute for Literacy.
  3. Arizona Department of Education. Arizona Early Learning Standards, 4th edition.
  4. Office of Head Start. Head Start Early Learning Outcomes Framework: Ages Birth to Five.
  5. Common Core State Standards Initiative. English Language Arts and Mathematics standards.
  6. Arizona Department of Education. K-12 Academic Standards (kindergarten English language arts, mathematics, science and social studies).
  7. CASEL. What is the CASEL framework?

Moving, breathing and self-control

What Wren does

Each session has a movement or breathing break. Games like “Pip says,” freeze dance and a rule-switching game ask your child to listen, wait for the right moment and switch rules, which exercises attention and self-control.

What the research found

A review in the journal Science of programs for children 4 to 12 found that activities that train self-control and working memory (certain games, exercise, martial arts, mindfulness and some preschool programs) improved these skills when they involved repeated practice that gets harder over time, and that the children who struggled most gained the most (Diamond and Lee, 2011).

Sources

  1. Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964.

A place to explore, a role to try

What Wren does

Each session explores a place in the desert with Pip, chosen from what that session practices: Star Camp for numbers, the Story Tree for words, Coyote Canyon for puzzles. A practice stop opens as a pretend role (“Astronaut time!”, “Detective time!”), and at the end Pip names the roles your child tried and asks one question about the place for the two of you to talk about away from the screen. The place is the setting of that day’s session, not a prize: there are no points, streaks or rewards for coming back.

What the research found

In a study of 180 children ages 4 and 6, children who pretended to be a hard-working character such as Batman spent the most time on a repetitive 10-minute task, with a very appealing video game a tap away, compared with children who thought about themselves in the third person or the first person; the 6-year-olds kept at it longer than the 4-year-olds (White and colleagues, 2017).

Good to know: In the study, children pretended to be a character during one task; whether Pip’s roles help children keep at it is something we’re still measuring.

Sources

  1. White, R. E., Prager, E. O., Schaefer, C., Kross, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2017). The “Batman Effect”: Improving perseverance in young children. Child Development, 88(5), 1563–1571.

Learning together, off the screen

What Wren does

Every session ends with a short mission for you and your child to do away from the screen: 2 to 5 minutes, with things you already have at home, and a line to say. Pip picks it from the skill that needed the most practice that day. All 225 skills have one, in English and Spanish.

What the research found

When parents read picture books by asking questions and letting the child do more of the talking (“dialogic reading”), children learned more new words than with ordinary shared reading, in a review of 16 studies, especially at ages 2 to 4 (Mol and colleagues, 2008). In a randomized study of 587 first graders, families who did short math activities together at home with an app saw bigger math gains over the school year, especially when a parent felt anxious about math (Berkowitz and colleagues, 2015).

Good to know: The math study was with first graders, a little older than Wren’s children.

Sources

  1. Mol, S. E., Bus, A. G., de Jong, M. T., & Smeets, D. J. H. (2008). Added value of dialogic parent–child book readings: A meta-analysis. Early Education and Development, 19(1), 7–26.
  2. Berkowitz, T., Schaeffer, M. W., Maloney, E. A., Peterson, L., Gregor, C., Levine, S. C., & Beilock, S. L. (2015). Math at home adds up to achievement in school. Science, 350(6257), 196–198.

Every child, in English or Spanish

What Wren does

Everything Pip says is available in English and Spanish, and each family chooses. Eight options help children with different needs: larger text, big captions, a big repeat button, Pip repeating each question once, slower speech, dyslexia-friendly type, a left-hand layout and high contrast. Wren’s tests check that every button is big enough for small fingers, and the app has no flashing effects.

What the research found

A National Academies report found no evidence that using two languages, at home and in preschool, confuses young children or holds back either language (2017). Giving children more than one way to see, hear and respond is the core idea of Universal Design for Learning (CAST guidelines, version 3.0, 2024). The button-size check comes from the W3C’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.2).

Sources

  1. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Promoting the educational success of children and youth learning English: Promising futures. The National Academies Press.
  2. CAST (2024). Universal Design for Learning Guidelines, version 3.0.
  3. W3C (2023). Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2.

What we know, and what we’re still measuring

  • The studies above tested these methods, mostly in classrooms and labs, and some with older children. They don’t prove that Wren works. Wren is new.
  • Research on learning apps for young children is still young: a review of 35 studies found that interactive apps can help with early academic skills, most clearly early math, but many of the studies were small (Griffith and colleagues, 2020).
  • In our first beta (25 Arizona families, 4 weeks) we measure how often children start and finish sessions, how many tries and hints each skill takes, how the readiness number changes from the first day to the last, how often families do the off-screen mission, and what parents tell us. A small beta without a comparison group can show whether children use Wren and make progress in it. Proving that Wren causes learning would take a larger study with a comparison group, and we’ll say so plainly until one is done.
  • The kindergarten readiness number in the parent app is Wren’s own estimate from the skills children usually have when they start kindergarten. It is not a standardized test.
  • Pip’s words are written and checked ahead of time; no AI makes up what your child hears. AI works only behind the scenes, without names, to draft notes for you, and a person approves them first.
  • Wren’s logic model: how Wren is meant to work, the research behind each link, and the beta study of its effects (ESSA evidence level 4, “demonstrates a rationale”)

Sources

  1. Griffith, S. F., Hagan, M. B., Heymann, P., Heflin, B. H., & Bagner, D. M. (2020). Apps as learning tools: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 145(1), e20191579.

How we chose these sources: peer-reviewed studies and reviews, and official guidance (the American Academy of Pediatrics, the World Health Organization, the National Academies). Where the evidence comes from older students, we say so. We review this page when the research or Wren changes.

Reviewed October 7, 2026. · Privacy notice · Back to the top